waiting for Godot

 Waiting for Godot 

1) In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you like to interpret this ‘coming of night and moon’ when actually they are waiting for Godot?

In both acts, start and end as same sequences. Both start evenings and both acts end the moon rise. both acts moon rise is symbol of darkness and hopeless in the both the characters.  Evenings falls into night and moon rise also symbolize death and hope. But end the both act coming of night and moon character are hopeless because moon rise and waiting for Godot but Godot is not come in all play. Play is end is darkness and hopeless have both the characters in seen the play.

2) The director feels the setting with some debris. Can you read any meaning in the contours of debris in the setting of the play?

The play is written by the Second world war. After the Second world war  people life became a dejected and more effect of this war. In play debris use in the sense of after the war destroy the human life , his emotions and happiness all about effect human beings and nature also.

3) Do you agree: “The play (Waiting for Godot), we agreed, was a positive play, not negative, not pessimistic. As I saw it, with my blood and skin and eyes, the philosophy is: 'No matter what— atom bombs, hydrogen bombs, anything—life goes on. You can kill yourself, but you can't kill life." ? (Source: E.G. Marshal said so - he played Vladimir in original Broadway production 1950s)

I am not agreed with play because this his not clearly the play  about positive because In play two characters Vladimir and Estragon wait for god ( Godot) all day but Godot not come , help and solve problems. End the  play Godot twilight had not come. why are waiting for anyone and waste our time.

4)  Do you think that the obedience of Lucky is extremely irritating and nauseatic? Even when the master Pozzo is blind, he obediently hands the whip in his hand. Do you think that such a capacity of slavishness is unbelievable?

5) Do you think that plays like this can better be ‘read’ than ‘viewed’ as it requires a lot of thinking on the part of readers, while viewing, the torrent of dialogues does not give ample time and space to ‘think’? Or is it that the audio-visuals help in better understanding of the play?

6) Which of the following sequence you liked the most:

(ii) Pozzo – Lucky episode in both acts

(iii) Conversation of Vladimir with the Boy - the messenger of Mr. Godot

Breath

 Samuel Bekett Shortest Play "Breath"

Samuel Barclay Beckett born 13 April 1906. He  was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. A resident of Paris for most of his adult life, he wrote in both French and English. Beckett's literary and theatrical work features bleak, impersonal and tragicomic experiences of life, often coupled with black comedy and nonsense. It became increasingly minimalist as his career progressed, involving more aesthetic and linguistic experimentation. He is considered one of the last modernist writers, and one of the key figures in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation". He was the first person to be elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984.

Samuel Beckett Breath Video 

CURTAIN UP

1. Faint light on stage littered with miscellaneous  rubbish. Hold about five second.

2. Faint brief cry and immediately  and slow increases of light about reaching. ten second silence and hold for about five second. 

3.Expiration and slow decrease of light together reaching minimum together in about ten second and immediately cry as before. Silence and hold about five Second.

CURTAIN DOWN

Here is my video:

Archetypal

 What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the archetypal critic do?

Archetypal means images and symbols are representing in literature its called archetypal. Archetypal can refer to constantly recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting or mythology.

Archetypal criticism is the type of critical theory that is mainly interpret a text by the narrative technique and the symbol, various imagery, type of character, incident and also literary works.  Is the study of  how writer used mythical symbol and also different images. And also identify them how that is appropriate.

Archetypal literary criticism's origins are rooted in two other academic disciplines, social anthropology and psychoanalysis; each contributed to literary criticism in separate ways, with the latter being a sub-branch of critical theory. Archetypal criticism was at its most popular in the 1940s and 1950s, largely due to the work of Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye. 

What is Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?

'Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'  Frye compare the both. In physics to study a deep in a nature and Literature are not a study a literature. Physics deep study in Nature but is not called a Nature and  though based on the nature but called Physics. the same way Literature 

Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.

Refer to the Indian seasonal grid (below). If you can, please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

The Great Gatsby

Gastby

The title character of The Great Gatsby is a young man, around thirty years old, who rose from an impoverished childhood in rural North Dakota to become fabulously wealthy. However, he achieved this lofty goal by participating in organized crime, including distributing illegal alcohol and trading in stolen securities. From his early youth, Gatsby despised poverty and longed for wealth and sophistication—he dropped out of St. Olaf College after only two weeks because he could not bear the janitorial job with which he was paying his tuition.

Though Gatsby has always wanted to be rich, his main motivation in acquiring his fortune was his love for Daisy Buchanan, whom he met as a young military officer in Louisville before leaving to fight in World War I in 1917. Gatsby immediately fell in love with Daisy’s aura of luxury, grace, and charm, and lied to her about his own background in order to convince her that he was good enough for her. Daisy promised to wait for him when he left for the war, but married Tom Buchanan in 1919, while Gatsby was studying at Oxford after the war in an attempt to gain an education. From that moment on, Gatsby dedicated himself to winning Daisy back, and his acquisition of millions of dollars, his purchase of a gaudy mansion on West Egg, and his lavish weekly parties are all merely means to that end.

The Auden Poem

Auden's poem and seem to be written in our time on 2022 justify this in context of pandemic and Russia - ukraine war

Transcendentalism

 What is Transcendentalism ?

Transcendentalism an idealistic philosophical and social movement which developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures.

 Characteristics of transcendentalism:

Individualism

Idealism

Divinity of Nature

Major Author in Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson—a New England preacher, essayist, lecturer, poet, and philosopher—was one of the most influential writers and thinkers of the 19th century in the United States. Emerson was also the first major American literary and intellectual figure to widely explore, write seriously about, and seek to broaden the domestic audience for classical Asian and Middle Eastern works. He not only gave countless readers their first exposure to non-Western modes of thinking, metaphysical concepts, and sacred mythologies; he also shaped the way subsequent generations of American writers and thinkers approached the vast cultural resources of Asia and the Middle East.

Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau is recognized as an important contributor to the American literary and philosophical movement known as New England transcendentalism. His essays, books, and poems weave together two central themes over the course of his intellectual career: nature and the conduct of life. The continuing importance of these two themes is well illustrated by the fact that the last two essays Thoreau published during his lifetime were “The Last Days of John Brown” and “The Succession of Forest Trees” (both in 1860). In his moral and political work Thoreau aligned himself with the post-Socratic schools of Greek philosophy—in particular, the Cynics and Stoics—that used philosophy as a means of addressing ordinary human experience. His naturalistic writing integrated straightforward observation and cataloguing with transcendentalist interpretations of nature and the wilderness. In many of his works Thoreau brought these interpretations of nature to bear on how people live or ought to live.

Margaret fuller

Sarah Margaret Fuller, known as Margaret Fuller, was one of the most prominent literary women of the 19th century, and is sometimes thought of as America’s first feminist. Born in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, to lawyer and senator Timothy Fuller and Margarett Crane, Fuller received a rigorous classical education not often available to girls of her time at the hands of her father. She attributed his intense lessons and high standards to sleeplessness and nightmares as a child.

In 1840 Emerson and Fuller started the transcendentalist journal The Dial, which Fuller edited before joining the New York Tribune. Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), which is considered the first major feminist work in America and became a feminist classic.

Amos Bronson Alcott

Born in 1799 to an illiterate flax farmer in Wolcott, Connecticut, Amos Bronson Alcott was singular among the Transcendentalists in his unassailable optimism and the extent of his self-education. With the encouragement of his spirited and resourceful mother, he taught himself to read and write by forming letters in charcoal on the kitchen floorboards. Profoundly influenced by John Bunyan's book, Pilgrim's Progress, Bronson left home at the age of seventeen to become a peddler in Virginia and the Carolinas. Through the sheer force of his personality, he charmed prosperous Southern families into opening their doors, and thus was introduced to an aesthetic and elegance that inspired him for the rest of his life. After five years, he returned to Connecticut, determined to become an educator. Attracted to Pestalozzi's innovative child-centered educational ideas, he soon began a long and varied career as a teacher.

Transcendentalists talks about individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you ? Share your Views.

👉I think about what is a Nature ? I feel my around all is a nature. My all activities and thought related the nature. Nature is important about me because nature is help our life. I part of a nature and our body all read create nature elements and after death our body convinced the nature. I childhood very close nature  like a land, trees, flower etc. but became a youngest I slowly understand the value of nature in my life. Pas the time change the view about the nature.

Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy came up with such similar thought?

👉I find the Indian philosophy refers to philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. In Hinduism traditional two classification astika and nastika schools of philosophy. In school there are six pats of Vedic philosophy Nayaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta and five is sramanic school Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajnana and Charvaka.

The main school of philosophy were formalized and recognized chiefly between 500 BCE and the late centuries of the common era. I find the Mimamsa tradition  of  contemplation reflected on the meaning of Vedic. This tradition is know as Purva Mimamsa compared to the karma Mimamsa because purva Mimamsa believe in on the earlier Vedic text to dealing with the ritual action and the same thing in Karama our ritual action believes. Other Mimamsa is Uttara Mimamsa in focus a later portions of the Upanishad. Both of you earlier and later Mimamsa is aim of the human action and the different attitudes the necessity of ritual. In school is a Mimamsa  form of philosophical realism.

W.B.Yeats

W. B. Yeats.

William Butler Yeats is widely considered to be one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. He belonged to the Protestant, Anglo-Irish minority that had controlled the economic, political, social, and cultural life of Ireland since at least the end of the 17th century. There he wrote poems, plays, novels, and short stories—all with Irish characters and scenes. In December 1923, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".

Pandemic Reading of  ' The Second Coming'

Critical analysis of any other poem written by W B Yeats.

A Prayer for my Daughter

About the Poem

"A Prayer for my Daughter" is a poem by William Butler Yeats written in 1919 and published in 1921 as part of Yeats' collection Michael Robartes and the Dancer. It is written to Anne, his daughter with Georgie Hyde Lees, whom Yeats married after his last marriage proposal to Maud Gonne was rejected in 1916. Yeats wrote the poem while staying in a tower at Thoor Ballylee during the Anglo-Irish War, two days after Anne's birth on 26 February 1919. The poem reflects Yeats's complicated views on Irish Nationalism, sexuality, and is considered an important work of Modernist poetry.

“A Prayer for my Daughter” has 10 stanzas: each stanza has eight lines and follows a loose rhyme scheme of AABBCDDC. The form could be considered a variation on ottava rima.

Yeats is a modernist and symbolist poet. The images he uses function as symbols and has multiple interpretations. On the surface, this poem is a father talking about what he wishes for his daughter, and was written shortly after the birth of Yeats’s daughter, Anne. A deeper interpretation is that the daughter is a symbol of Ireland as an independent nation, as Yeats’s daughter was born the year the Irish War of Independence began, and Yeats was notable for his political beliefs.

Once more the storm is howling, and half hid   

Under this cradle-hood and coverlid   

My child sleeps on. There is no obstacle   

But Gregory's Wood and one bare hill   

Whereby the haystack and roof-levelling wind,   

Bred on the Atlantic, can be stayed;   

And for an hour I have walked and prayed   

Because of the great gloom that is in my mind.

In first stanza  'A Prayer for My Daughter' open with the beautiful image of the child sleeping in a cradle half hidden by its hood.  The child sleeps innocently amidst the “howling storm” outside, but Yeats couldn’t settle down due to the storm inside. The storm howling symbolizes destruction mentioned by the poet in his ‘The Second Coming’. The wind bred in Atlantic has no obstacles except the estate of Lady Gregory, referring to the poet’s patroness, and a bare hill. 

I have walked and prayed for this young child an hour,

And heard the sea-wind scream upon the tower,

And under the arches of the bridge, and scream

In the elms above the flooded stream;

Imagining in excited reverie

That the future years had come   

Dancing to a frenzied drum   

Out of the murderous innocence of the sea.

In the second stanza of ‘A Prayer for My Daughter’, Yeats worries about the future are further explained. He hears the sea screaming upon the tower, under the bridge and elms above the flooded stream and word “Scream” and the “flooded stream” symbolize the poet’s overwhelming anxiety for his daughter. Due to his haunting fear, he imagines the future coming out of sea and dances to the frenzied drum, referring to war and bloodshed. 

May she be granted beauty, and yet not   

Beauty to make a stranger's eye distraught,   

Or hers before a looking-glass; for such,   

Being made beautiful overmuch,   

Consider beauty a sufficient end,   

Lose natural kindness, and maybe   

The heart-revealing intimacy   

That chooses right, and never find a friend.

Helen, being chosen, found life flat and dull,   

And later had much trouble from a fool;   

While that great Queen that rose out of the spray,   

Being fatherless, could have her way,   

Yet chose a bandy-leggèd smith for man.   

It's certain that fine women eat   

A crazy salad with their meat   

Whereby the Horn of Plenty is undone.

In courtesy I'd have her chiefly learned;   

Hearts are not had as a gift, but hearts are earned   

By those that are not entirely beautiful.   

Yet many, that have played the fool

For beauty's very self, has charm made wise;   

And many a poor man that has roved,   

Loved and thought himself beloved,   

From a glad kindness cannot take his eyes.

May she become a flourishing hidden tree,   

That all her thoughts may like the linnet be,   

And have no business but dispensing round   

Their magnanimities of sound;   

Nor but in merriment begin a chase,   

Nor but in merriment a quarrel.   

Oh, may she live like some green laurel   

Rooted in one dear perpetual place.

My mind, because the minds that I have loved,   

The sort of beauty that I have approved,   

Prosper but little, has dried up of late,   

Yet knows that to be choked with hate   

May well be of all evil chances chief.   

If there's no hatred in a mind   

Assault and battery of the wind   

Can never tear the linnet from the leaf.

An intellectual hatred is the worst,   

So let her think opinions are accursed.   

Have I not seen the loveliest woman born

Out of the mouth of Plenty's horn,   

Because of her opinionated mind   

Barter that horn and every good   

By quiet natures understood   

For an old bellows full of angry wind?

Considering that, all hatred driven hence,   

The soul recovers radical innocence   

And learns at last that it is self-delighting,

Self-appeasing, self-affrighting,   

And that its own sweet will is heaven's will,   

She can, though every face should scowl   

And every windy quarter howl   

Or every bellows burst, be happy still.

And may her bridegroom bring her to a house   

Where all's accustomed, ceremonious;   

For arrogance and hatred are the wares   

Peddled in the thoroughfares.   

How but in custom and in ceremony   

Are innocence and beauty born?   

Ceremony's a name for the rich horn,   

And custom for the spreading laurel tree.

The war poetry

1.Note down the difference of all the war poets?

Wilfred Owen : Horror of  trench, gas warfare, loss of faith, fear of death.

Rupert Brook: Patriotism, Unbroken Glory.

Wilfrid Wilson: Guilt, Madness, death, Injury, Sense of identity.

Siegfried Sassoon: death, Horror, sympathy for soldiers, Religious  Authority.

Ivor Gurney: Grueling Monotony of day-to-day military life, Religious authority 

2.Compare any two poems with the subjects, Style of writing and patriotism?

 About the poet

Siegfried Sassoon is best remembered for his angry and compassionate poems about World War I, which brought him public and critical acclaim. Avoiding the sentimentality and jingoism of many war poets, Sassoon wrote of the horror and brutality of trench warfare and contemptuously satirized generals, politicians, and churchmen for their incompetence and blind support of the war. He was also well known as a novelist and political commentator. In 1957 he was awarded the Queen’s Medal for Poetry.

The hero

 Subject 

 The hero poem subject is death, and pain associated the war. the poem divide in to three Stanzas. the poem hero is a death.

Jack fell as he'd have wished," the Mother said,

And folded up the letter that she'd read.

"The Colonel writes so nicely." Something broke

In the tired voice that quavered to a choke.

She half looked up. "We mothers are so proud

Of our dead soldiers." Then her face was bowed.

 In first stanza The poem "The Hero” by Siegfried Sassoon features a mother who receives news of her son's passing in the war. The letter she receives from the Colonel makes the mother think that died as he would have wanted. The Colonel’s letter, as well as the words of the Officer who delivers it to her, make it seem like her son, Jack, was a hero. The mother grieves the loss of her son, but she says she is proud of him, adding that mothers are always proud of their dead soldiers .

Quietly the Brother Officer went out.

He'd told the poor old dear some gallant lies

That she would nourish all her days, no doubt.

For while he coughed and mumbled, her weak eyes

Had shone with gentle triumph, brimmed with joy,

Because he'd been so brave, her glorious boy.

In the second stanzas about the brother officer introduced how to lies the mother had died his the son. In last stanza jack In the second stanza the brother officer is introduced and he has lied to the mother about how her son had died. The brother officer is patronising to the mother in this stanza because he lies straight to her face about how her son had died and he is doing it so she would not suffer anymore.

He thought how "Jack," cold-footed, useless swine,

Had panicked down the trench that night the mine

Went up at Wicked Corner; how he'd tried

To get sent home; and how, at last, he died,

Blown to small bits. And no one seemed to care

Except that lonely woman with white hair.

In the last stanza the brother officer is remembering how Jack had behaved in his last days. The brother officer portrays Jack as being a coward in his last days on the battlefields and this contradicts what he told the mother. The last stanza also shows that Jack tried to get home because of the hardships of war but died before he could. The last stanza also shows that no one cares about what happened to Jack except his mother the ‘Lonely woman with white hair’.

Style of Writing:

 

This poem reflects his disillusionment with the war. Like much of Sassoon’s poetry, this work is written in a simple, clear, straightforward style. As the opening line suggests, the poem uses the kind of language actually spoken by “real” human beings.

 Patriotism:

The poem is a anti - war poem in poem saw the mother be a proud feel is his son jack he died in the war against the fighter. Patriotic poem in poet reality to a war to a everybody and mother proud and  fell situation in poet describe.

 

Second Poem : The Dulce et Decorum est

"Dulce et Decorum est" is a poem written by Wilfred Owen during World War I, and published posthumously in 1920. The Latin title is taken from Ode  of the Roman poet Horace and means "it is sweet and fitting". It is followed by pro patria mori, which means "to die for one's country".

Subject 

 The Horror and Trauma of War. The limits of patriotism: The ideals of war spread by patriotism and propaganda, Owen argues, serve only to perpetuate the suffering of those who fight.

The realities of war: Owen’s descriptions of war are horrific, and he does not shy away from depicting its inhumane deaths and ultimate futility in full relief.

Style of writing 

The style of "Dulce et Decorum est" is similar to the French ballade poetic form. 

Patriotism

This poem is after war situations in the poem and struggle the soldier in life focused on the story one soldier agonizing death and behind the death of the solider. this poem horrible so called the ' horror a war' .

3.Do you find any such regional poem/movies/web series/song which can be compared to any one of the poems given here. Also ,give a proper explanation of the similarity.

The Fear

I do not fear to die

'Neath the open sky,

To meet death in the fight

Face to face, upright.

But when at last we creep

Into a hole to sleep,

I tremble, cold with dread,

Lest I wake up dead.

The poem and challa song form Uri movie. I compared the poem of fear because the song and the movie in character is fearless. he not afraid the death and he died the for the nation.

In the movie all soldier ready to fight the another county in his land and he fights to face to face with out fear die. He ready to die. In movie last part soldier came to our land and  many bullets face them. so compare the first Stanzas in poem and the song and some similarity.

India poetic

Ras

Long days journey into night

  Author

Long Day's Journey into Night is a play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1939–41, first published posthumously in 1956. The play is widely considered to be his magnum opus and one of the finest American plays of the 20th century. It premiered in Sweden in February 1956 and then opened on Broadway in November 1956, winning the Tony Award for Best Play.

 

 Play

Long Day's Journey into Night is a play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1939–41, first published posthumously in 1956. The play is widely considered to be his magnum opus and one of the finest American plays of the 20th century. It premiered in Sweden in February 1956 and then opened on Broadway in November 1956, winning the Tony Award for Best Play.

 Long Day's journey into Night - 'Sense of failure'

Long Day's journey into night in for acts in the play. Play in four acts and sense. In play Sense of failure in all about play is not particular acts. Failure is all character seen in play. Four characters are in the play.

Characters

James Tyrone

Mary Tyrone

Jamie Tyrone

Edmund Tyrone

James Tyrone 

James Tyrone is main male protagonist. The husband of Mary and the father of Jamie and Edmund, he was once a famous actor who toured the U.S. with his wife. Because his Irish father abandoned him at age 10, forcing him to work immediately to support himself, he has a strong work ethic and an appreciation for money that leads to strong financial prudence--bordering on stinginess.

 The character is failure about all relationships. He realized that is not became good father because he not changed the financial  condition his family and he not success get our life. he feel not caring his sons and fulfill the good education and etc. His sons Jamie tell his not good father because his brother Edmund treatment a cheap doctor so Jamie argue with father get a good doctor and treatment also but James his not  more then get money Edmund treatment. Both the characters his realize James  like father's duty not complete in our life.

Mary Tyrone

Wife of James Tyrone. Mother of Edmund and Jamie Tyrone. Mary is a morphine addict, and throughout the course of the day we watch as she sinks farther and farther into a morphine-induced fog. Her hands are nervous, and they reveal her constantly agitated state. She is in deep denial about Edmund's illness.  Mary blaming his husband second Child death.  because his not hiring good doctor. So Mary is addict the morphine.

Mary like a mother failed the relationship his sons. because Mary all time morphine addition and not to care about sons. Jamie not like a mother behavior. he tell Edmund our situation responsible her mother. according to Mary also fell that she failure became a mother and wife also. this character not a particular failure scene any acts. All the acts few séance failures. Jamie blame his mother she can’t be helped. Because of this, he often finds himself at odds with Edmund, who wants to believe their mother might find the willpower to stop using the drug. so this character failure like a mother according to Jamie view but Edmund not agree with brother. He believes good mother.

Jamie Tyrone

Jamie is eldest son Mary and James. He is alcoholic and women's addition in our life. . he spends the majority of his time drinking and living the raucous lifestyle on offer in New York’s Broadway theater scene and he not success the actor and all time Mary realized the failure in life  a Jamie. Like his father, he is a talented thespian, but he doesn’t have the discipline that James applied to his own craft.  When Mary begins taking morphine again, Jamie is the first to know, and he immediately becomes pessimistic and harsh about the matter, wanting his family to acknowledge her relapse and recognize., it seems, most likely has to do with the fact that Mary blames Jamie for the death of Eugene, who died as a baby before Edmund was born. Not wanting to pale in comparison to Edmund, then, he has sabotaged the young man’s life. Mary advice his sons Edmund his not like in life failure his brother. 

This main  three character  failure in life. All family is addiction alcohol, drugs and morphine.