Postcolonialism :
According to “A Glossary of Literary Terms” by M.H.Abrams…..
The critical analysis of the history, culture, literature and modes of discourse that are specific to the former colonies of England, Spain, France and other European imperial powers. These studies have focused especially on the Third World countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean Island and South America. Some scholars, however, extend the scope of such analyses also to the discourse and cultural productions of countries.
According to the dictionary…
Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. More specifically, it is a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.
CONCLUSION: GLOBALISATION AND THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
CONCLUSION: GLOBALISATION AND THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES this article is taken from Ania Loomba’s Colonialism/Postcolonialism. This article is about the impact of postcolonialism in the 21st century.Article's beginning from the talking about the most terrible events of 11 September 2001, the so called global war on terror, and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, it is harder than ever to see our world as simply postcolonial.
Article focuses on some important discussions
Liberalization,
Privatization and
Globalization.
'Globalization is just another name for submission and domination’Nicanor Apaza, 46, an unemployed miner, said at a demonstration this week in which Indian women ... carried banners denouncing the International Monetary Fund and demanding the president's resigna- tion.'We've had to live with that here for 500 years, and now we want to be our own masters.'
Some conflicts are....
Man vs Market Fundamentalism
Man vs Nexus between Private Corporations and Democratically Elected Politicians
Man vs Private Companies
Man vs Multinational Companies (MNCs)
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s 'Empire'.
In the article Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire
Empire can only be conceived of as a universal republic, a network of power and counterpowers structured in a boundless and inclusive architecture. This imperial expansion has nothing to do with imperialism, nor with those state organism designed for conquest, pillage, genocide, colonization, and slavery. Against such imperialisms, Empire expands and consolidates the model of network power. Certainly.. the expansive moments of empire have been bathed in tears and blood, but this ignoble history does not negate difference between the two concepts.
(Hardt and Negri 2000: 167)
Arjun Appadurai’s Modernity at Large: cultural dimension of Globalisation
catalogues of ' multiple locations' and new hybridity, new forms of communication, new foods, new clothes and new patterns of consumption are offeredas evidence for both the newness and the benefits of globalisation.
Simon Gikandi’s "Globalisation and the claim of Postcoloniality"
Samuel Huntington ‘s rhetoric of clashing civilization.
Joseph E. Stiglitz’s phrase Market Fundamentalism.
The international financial institutions have pushed a particular ideol- politics; it is based on premises concerning how markets work that do not hold even for developed countries, much less for developing countries. The IME has pushed these economic policies without a broader vision of society or the role of economics within society. And it has pushed these policies in ways that have undermined emerging democracies. More generally, globalization itself has been governed in ways that are undemocratic and have been disadvantageous to developing countries, especially the poor within those countries. (2002:)
Nicanor Apaza’s An Unemployment miner
P. Sainath’s And then there was the market.
Market fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, reli- gious and other boundaries.It's as much at home in Moscow as in Mumbai or Minnesota.A South Africa - whose advances in the early 1990s thrilled the world- moved swiftly from apartheid to neo-liberal- ism.It sits as easily in Hindu, Islamic or Christian societies.And it contributes angry, despairing recruits to the armies of all religious fundamentalisms.Based on the premise that the market is the solu- tion to all the problems of the human race, it is, too, a very religious fundamentalism.It has its own Gospel: The Gospel of St. Growth, of St. Choice...
Niall Ferguson
NBA
ACTA : American Council of Trustees and Alumni
CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
This article began with the one statement by Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak, that ' no longer has a postcolonial perspective. I think postcolonial is the day before yesterday'. In this article Loomba said that through Globalization we do more damage to the environment. In this conclusion she wants to briefly reflect on some of these challenges and what they might mean for a postcolonial critique.
Vandana Shiva :
Vandana Shiva has exposed the connection between colonialism and the destruction of environmental diversity. She argues that the growth Capitalism, and now of trans-national corporations, exacerbated the dynamic begun under colonialism which has destroyed sustain-able local cultures; these cultures were also more women-friendly, partly because women’s work was so crucially tied to producing food and fodder.
'one cannot talk about saving the environment while ignoring the needs of human lives and communities (Shiva 1988; Agarwal 1999).'
Other feminist environmentalists are more sceptical of such an assessment of pre-colonial cultures, which, they point out, were also stratified and patriarchal; however, they agree that questions of ecology and human culture are intricately linked.
